Appendicitis: Imaging Diagnosis
Introduction
Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide, with a lifetime risk of approximately 7%. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis, particularly in atypical presentations. This article details the imaging features of appendicitis across modalities, with emphasis on ultrasound (first-line in children and pregnant women) and CT (gold standard in adults).
- Ultrasound features - Graded compression technique findings
- CT features - Multi-detector CT diagnostic criteria
- Complicated appendicitis - Findings of perforation/abscess
- Differential diagnosis - Mimickers of appendicitis
- Special populations - Pediatric, pregnant, and elderly patients
1. Ultrasound Features
Graded compression ultrasound is the initial imaging modality of choice for children and pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis.
Technique
High-frequency linear transducer (5-12MHz) with gradual compression in RLQ to displace bowel gas and identify the appendix.
Diagnostic Criteria
- Non-compressible tubular structure >6mm diameter
- Target sign - concentric wall layers
- Wall thickening (>3mm) with hyperemia on Doppler
- Periappendiceal fat hyperechogenicity (inflammation)
- Appendicolith - echogenic focus with posterior shadowing

Acute Appendicitis
- Non-compressible dilated appendix (7.3mm)
- Wall thickening and hyperemia

Appendicolith
- Echogenic focus with clean shadowing
- Surrounding hypoechoic fluid
2. CT Features
Contrast-enhanced CT is the gold standard for diagnosing appendicitis in adults, with sensitivity of 94-98% and specificity of 95%.
Protocol
Multi-detector CT with IV contrast (oral/rectal contrast optional). 2-3mm reconstructions.
Diagnostic Criteria
- Appendix diameter >6mm with wall thickening
- Periappendiceal fat stranding (most sensitive sign)
- Appendiceal wall enhancement with IV contrast
- Appendicolith - calcified focus in lumen
- Adjacent fascial thickening

Acute Appendicitis
- Dilated fluid-filled appendix (arrows)
- Surrounding fat stranding

Appendicolith
- Calcified focus (arrow) within dilated appendix
- Adjacent inflammatory changes
3. Complicated Appendicitis
Findings suggesting perforation, abscess formation, or peritonitis that may alter surgical approach.
Imaging Findings
- Focal defect in appendiceal wall (direct sign of perforation)
- Extraluminal air (pneumoperitoneum rare)
- Phlegmon - ill-defined soft tissue mass
- Abscess - fluid collection with enhancing rim
- Extensive free fluid with debris
Management Implications
Perforation may require percutaneous drainage prior to interval appendectomy. Free perforation with peritonitis needs emergent surgery.

Perforated Appendicitis
- Focal wall defect
- Surrounding abscess formation

Appendiceal Abscess
- Fluid collection with enhancing rim
- Adjacent inflammatory changes
4. Differential Diagnosis
Several conditions can mimic appendicitis clinically and radiologically.
Common Mimickers
- Mesenteric adenitis - enlarged lymph nodes, normal appendix
- Omental infarction - fatty mass with inflammatory changes
- Diverticulitis - left-sided in adults, right-sided cecal in elderly
- Gynecological pathology - ovarian torsion, PID, ectopic pregnancy
- Crohn's disease - terminal ileum involvement

Mesenteric Adenitis
- Cluster of enlarged mesenteric nodes
- Normal appendix

Omental Infarction
- Fat density mass with inflammatory stranding
- No identifiable appendix pathology
5. Special Populations
Diagnostic challenges in pediatric, pregnant, and elderly patients.
Pediatric Considerations
- Higher perforation rates (15-30%)
- Ultrasound first-line (avoids radiation)
- Smaller diameter cutoff (>5.5mm)
Pregnancy Considerations
- Appendix displaced superiorly by gravid uterus
- Ultrasound first-line, MRI if indeterminate
- CT reserved for complex cases after 1st trimester
Elderly Considerations
- Atypical presentations common
- Higher perforation rates at presentation
- Increased malignancy risk as alternate diagnosis
Comparative Imaging Features
Feature | Ultrasound | CT |
---|---|---|
Appendix diameter | >6mm non-compressible | >6mm |
Wall thickening | >3mm with hyperemia | Enhancing wall |
Periappendiceal inflammation | Hyperechoic fat | Fat stranding |
Appendicolith | Echogenic with shadowing | Calcified focus |
Perforation | Disrupted wall, abscess | Focal defect, extraluminal air |
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